Tres Zapotes (Mexico) - Olmec Capital City in Veracruz

Tres Zapotes (Mexico) - Olmec Capital City in Veracruz Tres Zapotes (Tres sah-po-tes, or three sapodillas) is an important Olmec archaeological site located in the state of Veracruz, in the south-central lowlands of the Gulf coast of Mexico. It is considered the third most important Olmec site, after San Lorenzo and La Venta. Named by archaeologists after the evergreen tree native to southern Mexico, Tres Zapotes flourished during the Late Formative/Late Preclassic period (after 400 BC) and was occupied for almost 2,000 years, until the end of the Classic period and into the Early Postclassic. The most important findings at this site include two colossal heads and the famous stela C. Tres Zapotes Cultural Development The site of Tres Zapotes lies on the hillside of a swampy area, near the Papaloapan and San Juan rivers of southern Veracruz, Mexico. The site contains more than 150 structures and about forty stone sculptures. Tres Zapotes became a main Olmec center only after the decline of San Lorenzo and La Venta. When the rest of the Olmec culture sites started to wane at around 400 BC, Tres Zapotes continued to survive, and it was occupied until the Early Postclassic about AD 1200. Most of the stone monuments at Tres Zapotes date to the Epi-Olmec period (which means post-Olmec), a period that began around 400 BC and signaled the decline of the Olmec world. The artistic style of these monuments shows a gradual decline of Olmec motifs and increasing stylistic connections with the Isthmus region of Mexico and the highlands of Guatemala. Stela C also belongs to the Epi-Olmec period. This monument features the second oldest Mesoamerican Long Count calendar date: 31 BC. Half of Stela C is on display in the local museum at Tres Zapotes; the other half is at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. Archeologists believe that during the Late Formative/Epi-Olmec period (400 BC-AD 250/300) Tres Zapotes was occupied by people with stronger connections with the Isthmus region of Mexico, probably Mixe, a group from the same linguistic family of the Olmec. After the decline of the Olmec culture, Tres Zapotes continued to be an important regional center, but by the end of the Classic period the site was in decline and was abandoned during the Early Postclassic. Site Layout More than 150 structures have been mapped at Tres Zapotes. These mounds, only a handful of which have been excavated, consist mainly of residential platforms clustered in different groups. The residential core of the site is occupied by Group 2, a set of structures organized around a central plaza and standing almost 12 meters (40 feet) tall. Group 1 and the Nestepe Group are other important residential groups located in the immediate periphery of the site. Most Olmec sites have a central core, a downtown where all the important buildings are located: Tres Zapotes, in contrast, features a dispersed settlement model, with several of its most important structures located on the periphery. This may have been because most of those were constructed after the decline of Olmec society. The two colossal heads found at Tres Zapotes, Monuments A and Q, were not found in the core zone of the site, but rather in the residential periphery, in Group 1 and Nestepe Group. Because of its long occupation sequence, Tres Zapotes is a key site not only for understanding the development of the Olmec culture  but, more generally for the transition from Preclassic to Classic period in the Gulf Coast and in Mesoamerica. Archaeological Investigations at Tres Zapotes Archaeological interest at Tres Zapotes begun at the end of the 19th century, when in 1867 the Mexican explorer Josà © Melgar y Serrano reported seeing an Olmec colossal head in the village of Tres Zapotes. Later on, in the 20th century, other explorers and local planters recorded and described the colossal head. In the 1930s, archaeologist Matthew Stirling undertook the first excavation at the site. After that, several projects, by Mexican and United States institutions, have been carried out at Tres Zapotes. Among the archaeologists who worked at Tres Zapotes include Philip Drucker and Ponciano Ortiz Ceballos. However, compared to other Olmec sites, Tres Zapotes is still poorly known. Sources This article has been edited by K. Kris Hirst Casellas Caà ±ellas E. 2005. El Contexto arqueolà ³gico de la cabeza colosal Olmeca Nà ºmero 7 de San Lorenzo, Veracruz, Mà ©xico. Bellaterra: Universitat Autà ²noma de Barcelona.Loughlin ML, Pool CA, Fernandez-Diaz JC, and Shrestha RL. 2016. Mapping the Tres Zapotes Polity: The Effectiveness of Lidar in Tropical Alluvial Settings. Advances in Archaeological Practice 4(3):301-313.Killion TW and Urcid J. 2001. The Olmec Legacy: Cultural Continuity and Change in Mexicos Southern Gulf Coast Lowlands Journal of Field Archaeology 28(1/2):3-25.Manzanilla L and Lopez Lujan L (eds.). 2001 [1995]. Historia Antigua de Mexico. Mexico City: Miguel Angel Porrà ºa.Pool CA, Ceballos PO, del Carmen Rodrà ­guez Martà ­nez M, and Loughlin ML. 2010. The early horizon at Tres Zapotes: implications for Olmec interaction. Ancient Mesoamerica 21(01):95-105.Pool CA, Knight CLF, and Glascock MD. 2014. Formative obsidian procurement at Tres Zapotes, Veracruz, Mexico: implications for Olmec and Epi-Olm ec political economy. Ancient Mesoamerica 25(1):271-293. Pool CA (ed.). 2003. Settlement Archaeology and Political Economy at Tres Zapotes, Veracruz, Mexico. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.Pool CA. 2007. Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.VanDerwarker A, and Kruger R. 2012. Regional variation in the importance and uses of maize in the Early and Middle Formative Olmec Heartland: New archaeobotanical data from the San Carlos homestead, southern Veracruz. Latin American Antiquity 23(4):509-532.

Definition and Examples of Intensifiers in English

Definition and Examples of Intensifiers in English In English grammar, an intensifier is a word that emphasizes another word or phrase. Also known as a booster or an amplifier. Intensifying adjectives modify nouns; intensifying adverbs commonly modify verbs, gradable adjectives, and other adverbs. Contrast with downtoner. Etymology From the Latin, stretch, intend Examples and  Observations Oh, I am so not in the mood for this. Ive just been shot!The woodwind has a slightly greater scope than the violin.The women I had as very close friends were very independent women, very progressive. Theyre very sensitive about social change. Functions of Intensifiers To some degree, an intensifier acts as a signal: it announces that the word following it is worn out and that it should be understood as inadequate. For example, in the phrase an utterly beautiful night, the author is saying, Look, I mean something beyond beautiful, even if I dont have the precise word; try to imagine it... Versatile Adverbs Intensifiers are morphologically perhaps  the most versatile category of adverbs in English. A glance at their history would appear to support the layering hypothesis.  There are intensifiers  that may be called fused forms, such as the suffixless very and compound somewhat, which both go back to Late Middle English, whereas the phrasal expressions sort of and kind of are more recent. Boosters and Language Change Humans are indeed natural-born exaggerators, and this trait is one of the main driving forces behind language change. Nowhere is this more obvious than in the constant renewal of intensifying words, or what are sometimes called boosters. These are the little words that fortify adjectives. They express a high point along a scale. Something isnt just good but awfully good, terribly good or even bloody good. Inevitably, such dramatic words wear out with time and become mundane. Alternative expressions then have to be found. This has already happened to boosters like awfully, terribly and horribly. You can see that at the root of these expressions are words like awe (originally, fear, dread), terror and horror. So they had strong, even gruesome beginnings. But overuse bleached them of this energy and force, and before long they meant little more than very. Repeat Intensifiers The sheer number of [intensifiers], all with more or less the same meaning, is significant. If you havent made your case, you have to pound the adverbial drums, the same way the boy in the story had to insist that this time, there really, really, really was a wolf. Strunk and White on Intensifiers Rather, very, little, pretty- these are the leeches that infest the pond of prose, sucking the blood of words. The constant use of the adjective little (except to indicate size) is particularly debilitating; we should all try to do a little better, we should all be very watchful of this rule, for it is a rather important one and we are pretty sure to violate it now and then. William Cobbett on the Adverbs of Exaggeration (1818) Be rather sparing than liberal in the use of Adjectives. One which expresses your meaning is better than two, which can, at best, do no more than express it, while the additional one may possibly do harm. But the error most common in the use of Adjectives is the endeavoring to strengthen the Adjective by putting an adverb before it, and which adverb  conveys the notion that the quality or property expressed by the Adjective admits of degrees: as very honest, extremely just. A man may be wiser than another wise man; an act may be more wicked than another wicked act; but a man cannot be more honest than another; every man who is not honest must be dishonest, and every act which is not just must be unjust. Sources: Meg Masters in  Supernatural, 2005 John Philip Sousa Toni Morrison Arthur Plotnik,  Spunk Bite: A Writers Guide to Punchier, More Engaging Language Style. Random House, 2005 Terttu Nevalainen, Three Perspectives on Grammaticalization.  Corpus Approaches to Grammaticalization in English, ed. by  Hans Lindquist and Christian Mair. John Benjamins, 2004 Kate Burridge,  Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011 Ben Yagoda,  When You Catch an Adjective, Kill It. Broadway Books, 2007 William Strunk, Jr., and E.B. White,  The Elements of Style. 1972 William Cobbett,  A Grammar of the English Language in a Series of Letters, 1818

Judaism and Islam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Judaism and Islam - Research Paper Example It is also referred to as the Pentateuch because it is composed of the five books of Moses, namely, The Book of Genesis, The Book of Exodus, The Book of Leviticus, The Book of Numbers, and The Book of Deuteronomy (Jewish Globe). Interestingly, these books are also found in the bible used by Christians and the accounts contained in these books can also be found in the Moslem Qur’an. They believe that the words contained in the Torah are the very words of God; they are not mere words of men who were inspired by God. The Torah contains the words of God himself. For this reason, the Torah is revered as the holiest of all the holy documents of Judaism. As a matter of fact, once it is destroyed and rendered unserviceable, it is given a ceremonial burial. A case in point is the elaborate burial of 11 Torah scrolls that were destroyed by fire in July 2010 in Bnei Brak, a city located on the east of Tel Aviv, Israel. Members of the faith mourned the scrolls’ destruction during an electrical fire at the synagogue. They placed death notices around the city and the burial rite which was attended by several rabbis and thousands of ultra-orthodox Jews made headlines around Israel. (Ettinger) It is worth noting that the Jewish tradition invests a lot of time, energy and resources in order to reproduce their sacred texts as they appear in the original form. Especially in reproducing scrolls for use in the synagogues, they still use the traditional materials, namely, the parchment paper and quill pens of the ancient times. Even the manner, the method and the stroke of writing the texts are maintained in its original appearance. As a matter of fact, the Jews take pride that â€Å"the oldest known parchments (the Dead Sea Scrolls, produced shortly before the Common Era) are virtually identical to those produced today† (Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Judaism has several sacred texts. At the pinnacle of the hierarchy of sacred texts is the Torah. The other sacred texts in Judaism are the Nevi’im and the Ketuvim. Together with the Torah, these three sacred texts form the Jewish Bible known as the Tanakh. Unlike the Torah which is the word of God that was reve aled unto Moses, both the Nevi’im and the Ketuvim were written by prophets over an extensive period of time from the thirteenth century BCE to the sixth century BCE. (Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs) In order to assist the faithful in reading and understanding the laws contained in the collective body of sacred texts called the Tanakh, religious and biblical scholars make commentaries on specific texts, words and lines in the Tanakh. Called the Targumim, these commentaries are â€Å"interpretive and contain fragments of exegesis and legend†

The importance of innovation along with evaluating the same in the Essay

The importance of innovation along with evaluating the same in the growth and development of Fairfax Media Limited - Essay Example The paper tells that innovation is often considered as the way towards the success. However, it is important to identify the impact and influence of innovation in every sense. Innovation can be used in the operational framework by adding technological values and at the same time can be used in business processes and stakeholder management to take it to the next level in the competitive business environment. However, it becomes important to identify the need and importance of innovation that will be followed by great number of changes within and outside the organisation. Change is inevitable and cannot be controlled and sustained for a long period of time. At the same time, changes should be implemented and defined in a clear and systematic manner to avoid resistance and complications. It becomes important to understand and analyse the impact and influence of internal and external factors that play an important role in change management process in the short as well as in the long run. The media industry has been changing at a rapid pace with the rise of technology changing the dynamics of the industry. Fairfax Media Limited has been operating in the media industry for more than 150 years. It operates in publishing news, information and entertainment. It’s Australian and New Zealand newspapers include; The Sydney Morning Herald, The Age, The Australian Financial Review, The Dominion Post and The Press. It also published regional and community newspapers along with few magazines. The company is also engaged in online business where readers can read newspapers. Overall, it can be said that the organsiation has a diversified portfolio with a balanced mixture of traditional and innovative business strategies helping it to make a mark in the competitive business environment. 1.1: General Imperatives in the Industry Sector As per the research conducted by the Sydney Investment Group (2011), there are strong signs that print media is dying with the rise and accep tance of technology and online platforms cannibalizing revenues. Australian newspaper circulation has declined rapidly in last few quarters. This trend is more visible in foreign

MGT499 Module 1 Essay Example for Free

MGT499 Module 1 Essay Harley Davidson has been around the United States since 1903 and have always found a way to stay productive and current in this country, they have made huge strides to maintain their quality and trust in their customers. In this day and age even that may not be enough to supplant a company’s financial security and Harley Davidson may have to emphasize more on sales outside the USA. Harley Davidson’s quality mission is that they value the deep emotional connection that is created with their customers through their products, services, and experiences. They are fueled by the brand quality and trust that their customers place in the company to deliver premium quality and the promise of a fulfilling lifetime ownership experience. Harley Davidson exemplifies this commitment by embracing a culture of personal responsibility and stewardship for quality in everything they do. Harley Davidson fulfills these dreams by their corporate value of providing motorcyclists an expanding line of motorcycles and branded products and services to a selected market segment. Harley Davidson’s strategic vision is the delivery of unique motorcycling experiences, as individual as are their customers. The experiences could be as basic as a Sunday morning coffee, or a full moon beach ride. This corporate passion of delivering unique customer experiences is the core of their strategy and the reason for their competitive edge. This corporate passion of delivering to their main stakeholders includes customers and employees. Since the employees of Harley Davidson are motorcyclists themselves, their commitment to delivering an unforgettable motorcycling experience is the reason for the competitive advantage the company enjoys with a distinctive and innovative legendary motorcycling product line. When employees feel like a participant they will have a mutual goal: the long term success of the Company. (Fred, 2008). This is one of the area’s Harley Davidson has placed special emphasis on. With restructuring there assembly lines it became a necessity to know if something was not correct in the process, open communication allowed employees to communicate with leaders to resolve issues quickly, minimizing loss. Employees are also encouraged to participate in Harley Davidson Learning Center for its employees; the center was created after restructuring of the workforce to create semi-autonomous workgroups. The center is dedicated to lifelong learning, but is also used to hone skills, learn new skills and if needed remedial training. Harley Davidson customers are a cult. They are as unique as the motorcycles they ride. The passions of their experiences as bikers have made permanent inroads in the landscape of the United States. They are a part of Americana popular culture. They have inspired rock songs, political frame of references, and have been strategically aligned to a sense of freedom, which is the American symbol. The needs and goals of the employees at Harley Davidson are being met. Open communication at all levels is used as a major key to achieving teamwork and employee participation. When employees feel like a participant they will have a mutual goal: the long term success of the Company. (Fred, 2008). This is one of the area’s Harley Davidson has placed special emphasis on. With restructuring there assembly lines it became a necessity to know if something was not correct in the process, open communication allowed employees to communicate with leaders to resolve issues quickly, minimizing loss. Consumers are actually fulfilling more and more dreams, which is evident by increases in sales. There are many reasons for this, Harley Davidson listens to its consumers and values their input. They also created the Harley Owners Group (HOG) so that the Company can receive feedback from its riders and continue to make their experiences better and better by improving the products. â€Å"They conduct four US national rallies, two touring rallies, and 44 state rallies. † (Fred, 2008). Where they can receive feedback from riders and enjoy some customer bonding as they share in the excitement of riding. Harley Davidson just made major improvements in 4 key areas of their current line of motorcycles, with the input of their riders. Control; Larger engine, brighter lights, and Anti-locking Braking System. Infotainment; color touch screen radio with Bluetooth, GPS, and CB communication all in one unit which can be controlled by voice commands, allowing a rider to keep both hands on the bars. Feel; redesign of Fairings, improved passenger room with back rest and arm rests. Style; Redesigned trunk and saddle bags, with on touch latches, lighter wheels and intuitive hand control switches. â€Å"Weve been one with our riders and dealers for 110 years, and were now doing a much, much better job bringing their insights and needs into great new bikes; and getting the job done 30 percent faster so they can enjoy it all sooner! The worlds best – and best-selling – touring bike just got a whole lot better because of the inspiration of our riders and the talent and dedication of our employees. † (Hoyer, 2013) My recommendation to the executives of Harley Davidson would be to inspire an international campaign of freedom. To launch an international marketing campaign and highlight the individual countries landscapes with passionate riding experiences unique to that country. Since the employees of Harley Davidson are motorcyclists themselves, I would recommend that the corporation employ motorcyclist employees in each of the international companies to work and design a line for each of the individual country markets. The competitive advantage to Harley Davidson has always been about the delivery of unique experiences, the marketing and production campaign in each of the individual countries would succeed if they are able to deliver to that country’s stakeholders an unforgettable motorcycling experience. References: Harley Davidson. (2012) Annual Report 2011. Retrieved from: http://media. corporate-ir. net/media_files/IROL/87/87981/HD. pdf Fred, (2008). A case study of Harley Davidson’s business practice. Infotechdesign. Retrieved from: http://infotechdesign. net/itd/a-case-study-of-harley-davidsons-business-practices. htmlÃ'Ž

Louis Fyne and Miss Rollings in the Film True Stories :: essays research papers

True Stories is not a movie of a town but yet a movie of people that just happen to live in this little town called Virgil, Texas. True Stories had a lot of unique and bizarre characters that each represents a characteristic of a typical American. There were two main characters, in my opinion, which stuck out from all the others. Louis Fyne who represents the common man, and the very lazy Miss Rollings who represents a very typical yet sad American feature, materialism. Louis is a working man who is not necessarily a physical specimen and is getting ready to settle down. Problem is he has not found any one to love. Miss Rollings, on the other hand, is a very wealthy, attractive but aging woman. She doesn’t know it in the beginning of the movie but she is not content as being the lazy women she is. She also is looking for love. Even though these characters are very different at first glance, they have one common interest, which is loneliness. Miss Rollings does not realize that she is lonely until she sees Louis’ performance. Louis’ and Miss Rollings’ search for fulfillment all comes together at the end of the movie for a nice typical American ending, happily ever after. These two characters might have been the main characters but were by far not the only ones that represent a typical American feature. The search for significance and meaning is another American trait in this movie. The cute woman, for example, can not comprehend sadness. Therefore she chooses to ignore all sadness while focusing on all things cute. Then there is the Lying Woman, who personally is my favorite character in the movie. She is apparently dissatisfied with the actuality of her life. She decides to â€Å"improve† her life by telling lies to all that will listen. She creates a whole other personality that is rich and vivid but still false. If you are thinking that there can not be possibly any more American traits in this movie you are wrong. The love for business can also be represented in this movie by the owner of Varicorp, Earl. His love for overall work and business can display what is known as corporate obsession in today’s America. The scene at the dinner table where Earl uses food and china to describe what is yet to come of Virgil and Varicorp displays this obsession.

A book review on “The Mountain People” by Colin Turnbull Essay

Turnbull has been quoted as a renowned ethnographic on writing about small-scale societies which lead a peaceful life in a trouble-free atmosphere by maintaining the size of their population and enjoyed a pollution-free environment till they are polluted by progress. In this book, Turnbull is describing about Ik tribal people who lived in the northern parts of Uganda and near to the border of Kenya who had to leave their ancestral villages as the area had been declared as a national park later. Due to this, Ik people had to live in non-fertile area which was affected by drought and famine almost several years in a series. [p. 117] and today, it is evident that Ik are facing a total negation of society. The specialty of Turnbull is that the style which the book is presented as he just narrated what he had seen and observed in the Ik province without adding colors or adding his own judgment on the scenery. See more: Experiment on polytropic process Essay Turnbull tries to give an anthropologist’s bird’s view on Ik’s style of living and conditions of their life by establishing close contact with Ik community and with communities lived in the neighborhood. Turnbull while living with Ik’s witnessed continuous cattle raids and how their children had been deserted by the parents even at the age of three and how the youths robbed the food-stuffs from the elders thereby making them to die prematurely. The Mountain People deals with the ethnographic details of the Ik or Teuso people living in northern Uganda. Turnbull in this book tries to expose how society and small-scale societies in general have been pretentious. In this book , Turnbull ties to portray the Rousseauesque picture of gatherers , hunters in general and Pygmies in specific , narrating generosity , kindness , honesty ,affection , charity ,compassion and other virtues available in them [p31]. [Spencer 651]. Due to progress, Ik have been compelled to leave their nomadic life and forced to peruse agriculture and illegal poaching. From 1965 onwards, innocent and gullible Ik have developed qualities like envy, acrimony, suspicion by leaving behind trust and royalty and parental love as the children were sent out of their homes as early as three years to stand on their own legs and elderly peopled died due to absence of caretaking and love. Ik had the qualities of co-operation and control but later they never practiced theses qualities due to famine and hunger. Turnbull commented that he witnessed those vestiges of generosity, kindness and light-heartedness which disappeared by overnight by the occupation of survival instincts that cherish in all of us. [Turnbull 33]. Author had an occasion to live with this Ik population at the time of famine and political unrest in Uganda and witnessed the dying of older people and how Ik population was reduced to bare minimum due to these factors. He felt that Ik population was isolated due to famine from the society and finally the Ik population was completely vanished as it would be the fate of every marginal society. [p 285]. [Spencer 652] Turnbull narrated that Ik had no opportunity to have sumptuousness like sentiment, family and love. Since there was no societal affiliation, both the aged and children were regarded as futile. As long as if society keeps rearing group alive, one can always have more children. Since, in the absence of care, old perished first followed by Ik’s children population. Yet, there existed a ethnic suicide. [p 108 -109]. Further, due to continuous famine and drought, Ik perused basic survival tactics to live. [27]. The deterioration of social bindings does not connote that there is absence of collaboration between individuals. They assisted each other in times of help. [121]. Beating and harassing their wife is a pastime for Ik’s men. [138] . They also followed some rites in their marriage traditions. The bridegroom had to capture the bride in the cover of darkness though it was a prearranged one in advance. [106]. Though, the Ik’s had religious faith like worshipping ‘Didigwari’ name of a sky god in earlier days but later it was absent in the Ik’s society after the collapse of their society. [158]. Turnbull was of the opinion that Ik were enjoyed the best conservationists style of living as long as they were hunter / gatherer. [21]. Turnbull depiction of Ik style of living is almost analogues to Malthusian process where in the absence of epidemic and warfare, the population tends to increase to their ecological limit. However, in Ik model, the population completely vanished due to famine, hunger, neglect of older, younger and weaker dependants. Further, malice represents an unavoidable and sharp quality when some ecological shift revealed overpopulation for what it was. Turnbull is of the view that the effort to resettling down the Ik may have generated a distinct unprecedented turn in their ecology. Ik society won an interstitial position between adjoining karamojong-speaking pastoral tribes like trading, doing black-smith work, escorting them during their cattle raids resulted in intermigration and intermarriage with them. These individual ties namely [nyot] between Ik and pastoralists demonstrated that Ik were prepared to demonstrate longer term self-interest and a degree of trust which is absent elsewhere. [p. 162]. [Spencer 652] The Ik justify a place in the literature of reaction to stress and extreme deprivation. Children were actually taken care of in concentration sites. Besides a passing remark of Treblinka, Turnbull does not place them in this context and makes little comparison of any kind. [236]. Turnbull offered an interesting assumption that Ik’s hunter’s social group engaged in traits like amenability in social grouping and self-reliance and independence which acted as a kind of pre-adaptation for the dissolution of family tie in the light of continued catastrophe. [p. 287]. Turnbull is also of the view that there is still flourishment of artistic tradition among the Ik. [277]. Turnbull also elaborated that most of the Ik girls were disease-prone prostitutes and the young men desired to economize on their energy and wealth by engaging in masturbation and deserting the girls alone. [ 209]. Turnbull warns us as â€Å" this decline in human relationships among the Ik to the individual levels places the Ik one leap ahead of civilization†¦Our society has turning increasingly individualistic. Now, the family values tend to loose its significance and religious practice and belief bind us into communities of shared beliefs. The order in the society is being maintained existence of coercive power which is upholding a rigid law and by an equally harsh penal system. † [182]. In retaliation to a criticism to his book, Turnbull commented that the book has not written for anthropologists but it was fashioned to accomplish the anthropologist’s duty to reveal his findings to the general public. This book detailed â€Å"a varied numbers of anthropological issues and solutionss in such an thoughtless style that it merits both to hold up as a warning and to be sanctioned. † [Barth 100]. According to Henry A. Murray, a psychologist, the human behavior is ruled by a sequence of needs and when a fundamental need like food is unsatisfied, other higher order needs like trust, love must go by the board. This is true in case of Ik’s but Turnbull never aware of it. Turnbull findings was said to be deeply flawed both on ethnographical and ideological grounds. Turnbull love affair with the pygmies largely reflected his colored perception about the Ik. Turnbull acclaimed that the data covered in the book were insufficient for arriving an approaching proof. He frequently goes outside the limits of well accepted ethnographic reporting, interpreting his account with personal judgments and ascribing aims for observed behavior Turnbull is rather right in uttering that man is competent to unleash severe inhumanity to himself and Ik is certainly an extreme example of this. However, it is hilarious to note that Turnbull seems to visualize that he is the first to have discovered this fact and it is his duty to preach the world what he observed. According to Barkow, Collin Turnbull has given a superficial and exaggerated book. [Barkow 155]. The absence of bonding in the society was evident from the fact that when food was distributed by the Ugandan government to famine affected areas like Ik’s province, the younger generation went to the nearest town for collecting the food never cared to carry and supply them to the aged, weak people as they considered it as waste of food and time to feed their starving aged, weaker relatives and neighbors. [232]. Due to poverty, Ik deceived each other’s and Turnbull was not exception to this. Turnbull christened them as people without love and they were uncharitable, unfriendly, mean and inhospitable as any people can be. Turnbull compared the Ik society with that of inhuman conditions prevailed in Nazi death camps where Jews were butchered during the Second World War. Turnbull found the similarity of the extinction of Ik tribe without that of mass butchering of Jews in Nazi death camps and branded it on a global scale and forewarned that an ultimate destruction of mankind in near future. Turnbull in concluding chapter was of the opinion that Ik society had a bleak future. If unattended, their society would vanish in the course of time and it is very arduous to restructure their society. Government should help them to resettle by segregating them into smaller groups else they would miss their identity. However, Turnbull is fully aware that this action would be condemned by human rights organization but it is the need of the hour to preserve the Ik community in this vast universe. WORKS CITED Barkow, Jerome H. â€Å"The Mountain People† A Book Review. â€Å"Canadian of African Studies, Vol 9 [1] [1975]:155-156. Spencer, Paul. â€Å"The Mountain People† A Book Review. â€Å"Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 8. No 4 [Dec 1973]: 651 -652. Turnbull, Colin M . The Mountain People. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972

A Thousand Splendid Suns Reivew Essay

Macbeth is a Shakespearean Tragedy Macbeth is considered to be one of the greatest Shakespearean tragedies written by William Shakespeare. According to A.C. Bradley, it is the â€Å"most vehement, the most concentrated, perhaps we may say the most tremendous, of the tragedies† (Bradley 333). Macbeth, written by Shakespeare is a Shakespearean tragedy because it has a tragic hero, mathemata, and a hamartia. These three characteristics are crucial to have in a Shakespearean tragedy and prove that Macbeth is indeed one. More specifically, the tragic hero is one of the most important of the three because without the hero, sympathy cannot be evoked. Macbeth is a tragedy because it contains a tragic hero. In a Shakespearean tragedy, it is imperative that the tragic hero is of high estate, affects the whole nation and evokes pity and fear from the audience. The tragic hero in Macbeth is Macbeth himself. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth is introduced as the Thane of Glamis and â€Å"a general of extraordinary prowess† (Bradley 44) in Duncan’s army. When a battle takes place, Macbeth bravely defends Scotland in the battle and is victorious. When he returns home, King Duncan praises him: O worthiest cousin! †¦.Thou art so far before†¦. Only I have left to say, More is thy due than more than all can pay. (Shakespeare 1.4.17-24) Duncan states that Macbeth is his worthiest kinsmen and has done so much for him that he owes Macbeth more than he can ever repay. The audience can identify that Macbeth is a significant character of high estate because he is already Thane of Glamis, and is well respected by the king of Scotland. Macbeth’s high social standing evokes pity and fear from the audience because his sins and downfall are emphasized. The audience suspects him to be virtuous, therefore arousing fear when he commits sins. Also, he has a lot more to lose than a regular citizen; Macbeth eventually loses his mind, wife, house, reputation, and kingship. Since Macbeth is a character of high estate and evokes pity and fear for the audience, he is the tragic hero in Macbeth. Macbeth is also a tragic hero because he is a character of high estate in two additional ways. After the victorious battle, Macbeth is greeted by two noblemen of Scotland sent by the king: â€Å"He bade me, from him, call thee Thane of Cawdor. /In which addition, hail, most worthy Thane, /for it is thine† (Shakespeare 1.3.111-113).When the Macdonwald, the Thane of Cawdor, commits treason, he is executed and a new Thane is chosen. After hearing about Macbeth’s success in the battle, King Duncan appoints Macbeth as the new Thane of Cawdor. As a result of Macbeth’s nobility, loyalty and bravery, he earns his title as Thane of Cawdor thus proving he is of high estate. When King Duncan dies, Macbeth is chosen to be King of Scotland. Usually, when a king dies, their heir becomes king. However, since both of Duncan’s sons fled the country for their own safety, Macbeth is chosen to be King. This shows the audience that Macbeth is well respected by the citizens of Scotland because he appears to be the best king, second to Duncan’s sons. As the new King of Scotland, Macbeth’s fate evidently has an affect on the welfare of the whole nation. In conclusion, Macbeth is a tragic hero because he is of high estate in several ways, evokes pity and fear from the audience and affects the welfare of the whole nation. When the nation is negatively affected, order must be restored. This is done through the resolution of the plot, also known as mathemata. Mathemata is an extremely important characteristic of a Shakespearean tragedy because it re-establishes the moral order of the world in the play. In Shakespeare’s play, order is restored when Macbeth is killed: â€Å"Behold where stands/The usurper’s [Macbeth’s] cursed head. The time is free† (Shakespeare 5.8.55-56).Macbeth is considered as the evil defilement and ‘sickness’ of Scotland because he perpetrates a series of murders, and more significantly violates the natural order of the universe at the highest level by killing Duncan. Since Macbeth causes the entire situation â€Å"he must end in destruction and despair† (Ribner 57). At the end of the play when Macbeth ends in ‘destruction and despair’, Scotland is finally â€Å"cured† and order is restored. The natural order of the universe is also re-established because Malcolm replaces Macbeth’s position as King. Scotland is no longer ruled by  Macbeth’s tyranny; instead it is ruled by Malcolm, an extremely honourable man: Nay, had I power, I should Pour the sweet milk of concord into hell, Uproar the universal peace, confound All unity on earth. (Shakespeare 4.3.109-112) Although Malcolm may not appear to be virtuous in this scene, he is very much so. At the beginning of the play, Duncan does not test the loyalty of Macdonwald and Macbeth. As a result, Duncan is betrayed by these two men who appeared to be honourable. Malcolm learns from his father’s mistakes and tests MacDuff’s patriotism. Malcolm states he does not contain any qualities of a virtuous king and that he would destroy all peace on earth. When MacDuff has a passionate outburst, Malcolm reveals the truth that he is in fact an honourable man because he is able to identify that MacDuff is a â€Å"child of integrity† (Shakespeare 4.3.129). This proves that Malcolm is in fact a virtuous king because he is not easily fooled like Duncan. Instead, Malcolm is a cautious and knowledgeable man who is likely to be a successful king. With a new honourable and sincerely virtuous king, and the death of Macbeth, the order of the universe is finally restored and the play is resolved. Not only is the death of Macbeth recognized as the resolution of the plot, however, it is also recognized as his tragic end which is caused by a hamartia. For a play to be a Shakespearean tragedy, it must have a hamartia. A hamartia, also known as a tragic flaw, is a good quality in the protagonist which eventually goes somewhat awry and causes their disastrous demise. Macbeth’s tragic flaw is his ambition. Macbeth’s ambition can be recognized as a desirable quality because it causes him to be a great warrior. However, when Macbeth is told by the witches that he will become future king, he has thoughts of killing Duncan. Already, Macbeth’s ambition goes somewhat awry. At first, Macbeth states that he does not want to kill Duncan because â€Å"this Duncan/Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been/So clear in his great office, that his virtues/Will plead like angels†¦.† (Shakespeare 1.7.16-18) and admits that I [Macbeth] have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition, which overleaps itself And falls on the other. (Shakespeare 1.7.25-28) Macbeth realizes the only reason he has for murdering Duncan is his ‘vaulting ambition’ which does not rationalize the act of killing a virtuous king. Although Macbeth is aware that his vaulting ambition will only lead him to disaster, he still commits the crime. At this point, the audience is fully aware that Macbeth’s ambition is no longer a desirable trait because his ambition, â€Å"which is also his greatness, is fatal to him† (Bradley 9). His ambition allows him to â€Å"hide what the false heart doth know† (Shakespeare 1.7.92) and overcome the thought of killing a virtuous king. Although some scholars may say the witches and Lady Macbeth cause Macbeth’s downfall, he commits and instigates all of the murders himself; it is his own actions that lead him to his tragic end. If Macbeth was not so ambitious for status and did not allow his flawed trait to overpower his morality, he would realize it is irrational to kill the king. Without doubt Macbeth’s ambition acquires him kingship, however, it leads him to death of several innocent people and is the major cause of his downfall. Macbeth’s hamartia is also evident later on the play when he kills Banquo and attempts to kill Banquo’s son. After the witches predict that Banquo’s sons will become kings, Macbeth feels threatened as the new king of Scotland: â€Å"To be thus is nothing, but to be safely thus† (Shakespeare 3.1.54). Macbeth determines that the only way to be ‘safely thus’ is to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. Macbeth’s great ambition for power causes him to have a greed for power and stop at nothing to secure his position as king; even if it means he must kill his best friend and challenge fate: â€Å"Rather than so, come, Fate, into the list,/And champion me to the utterance!† (Shakespeare 3.1.77-78). Macbeth’s ambition causes him to believe he can defeat the prophecy of the witches. Macbeth believes that if he kills Banquo and Banquo’s sons, his position as king will be protected. However, by murdering more people, Macbeth’s life, conscience, and kingship is jeopardized instead. Eventually, Macbeth faces the consequences of his own  actions as a result of his ‘great’ ambition and is killed. If Macbeth was not so ambitious, he would realize it is impossible to defeat fate, ultimately preventing his tragic end. Although Macbeth’s ambition begins as a virtue, it goes wrong and eventually leads to his tragic end. All of Macbeth’s actions have led himself to his death and aroused several emotions within the audience; thus proving Macbeth has a hamartia and ultimately is a Shakespearean tragedy. Macbeth is said to be one of the last tragedies Shakespeare ever wrote. None the less, it â€Å"has increasingly impressed twentieth century critics† (Hawkes 50). Macbeth has a tragic hero of high estate and a hamartia that leads to the hero’s tragic end. Last but not least, when order is restored, there is mathemata. With the three most imperative characteristics of a tragedy, Macbeth fulfills the title as the â€Å"most vehement, the most concentrated, perhaps we may say the most tremendous, of the tragedies† (Bradley 333) and proves it is indeed a true Shakespearean tragedy. Works Cited Arif, G. M. Javed. â€Å"Macbeth’s Identity Crisis: Shakespeare as the Saviour.† Academia.edu. N.p., Dec. 2000. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. Bloom, Harold, ed. Major Literary Characters: Macbeth. New York: Chelsea House, 1991. Print. Bradley, A. C. Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. 2nd ed. London: Macmillan, 1905. Johnson, Vernon E., ed. Power in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009. Print. Shakespeare, William. The Global Shakespeare Series: The Tragedy of Macbeth with Related Readings. Eds. Dom Saliani, Chris Ferguson, and Dr. Tim Scott. Albany, N.Y.: International Thomson Pub Nelson Canada, 1997. Print.

The Impact of Trucker Driver Wellness Programs

The Impact of Trucker Driver Wellness Programs The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recently interviewed nearly 1,700 truckers about their health and work- and the results were shocking. 69% were obese. 54% smoked. And 88% reported at least one risk factor for chronic disease. Improving trucker wellness is a no-brainer for any long-haul fleet; it can help prevent high turnover rates, but also helps retain the most talented employees without having to lose them to disease or poor health.It’s never been easy to stay fit or healthy on the long-haul, but it’s no longer possible to ignore the impact on truckers’ health. Melton Truck Lines in Tulsa, OK, first rolled out an intervention program aimed at helping drivers who might be close to failing their physicals to lower their blood pressure and glucose levels. They hired a wellness manager, implemented a weight loss and voluntary lipid-panel testing program to guard against creeping cholesterol levels, and converted an employee smoking lounge into a gym. Melton’s Tulsa headquarters also added a landscaped walking and jogging trail, a fresh and healthy cafà ©, and a clinic providing no-cost primary medical care to employees.Getting drivers to participate in their own health is the cornerstone of the program. Melton even offers a â€Å"Health Concierge† service that helps employees sort through their health care costs and needs. There are various incentives and motivational programs, an online community, and even an app to keep employees motivated.While it’s hard to measure the success of these new initiatives on turnover rates, more drivers are passing their DOT physicals. And the number of employees who identified as having three medical risk factors dropped from 51% to 38% within one year. The number of employees reporting zero risk factors went up from 13% to 17% in that same year.Other companies have followed suit. Celadon Trucking launched their â€Å"Highway to Health† program in 2006, with similar screenings and incentives, as well as nutritional and exercise programs, and a full-service primary care medical clinic in their Indianapolis headquarters (as of 2011). And Schneider also has a Health and Wellness Manager to oversee their programs and focus on keeping individual truckers as healthy and productive as possible, which makes them safer on the road.We can only hope these trends begin to spread throughout the industry and become standard practice- for the benefit of everyone involved.The Impact of Truck Driver Wellness Programs

The Best SAT Score Predictor

The Best SAT Score Predictor SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT can be mysterious and nerve-inducing; your score on this never-before-seen test will play a hugerole in your college applications. When I took the SAT for the first time, I didn’t do any preparation and wasn't sureI could reach my target score. The best way to lessen yourfear is to try to predict your SAT score. How can you estimate your SAT score? What are the effective methods? Do the SAT score predictor quizzes really work? This guide will walk you through the different methods of estimating your SAT score and will tell you how to use that prediction. The Best Way to Predict Your SAT Score The best method to predict your SAT score is to take a full-length official College Board SAT practice test under real testing conditions.It’s a big time commitment - over four hours - but it’s the most accurate SAT score predictor. Where Can You Find a Practice Test? All of the official SAT practice tests created by the College Board are available for free online.I’d recommend you pick one and print out a copy of the test since you'll be taking the real SAT with pencil and paper. How Should You Use the Test? To get the most accurate score prediction, you want to mimic the real test as closely as possible.This means you cannot use your phone, computer, dictionary or any other outside help.You should only have pencils, an eraser, a pencil sharpener, and a calculator on your desk. Stick to the exact timing.Note: the time allowed is printed at the start of each section.Use a watch to time yourself, anddon't give yourself any extra time. An extra minute or two could artificially increase your score.Also, you’re only allowed to work on that section during the allotted time. Don’t move on to the next section if you finish early, and don’t go back to a priorsection. How Do You Score the Test? Score it using the instructions on the College Board website.You’ll start by calculating your raw score, which is simply the number ofquestions you answered correctly. Then, you use that raw score and a chart provided by the College Board to calculate a scaled score for each section.That scaled score is your estimated SAT score! Note: This is only a baseline SAT score. You can raise your score with dedicated prep. To do so, you should create an SAT study schedule, which I discuss more below.If you're looking for a startingpoint for your SAT prep, check outour free SAT studyguide. Don't have time for an SAT practice test? We've got other options! What Are Other, Less Time-Consuming SAT Score Predictors? Did you takethe PSAT or ACT? If so, you canuse thatscore to estimate your SAT score. These tests are useful predictors because the experience of taking them is similar to the SAT: early in the morning, in a classroom with other students, without outside help, etc. Below I’ll give an overview of how to use the PSAT and ACTto predict your SAT score. PSAT It’s the next best thing to taking an official SAT practice test.The PSAT was written by the College Board, the same company behind the SAT.It’s very similar to the SAT; the name literally means preliminary SAT. The College Board meant for your scaled PSAT score to be an estimated SAT score.However, since the PSAT is intended to be a precursor, the College Board designed it to be slightly easier than the SAT.The PSAT is scored on a scale between 320 and 1520.It doesn't go up to 1600 since the SAT is a more difficult test than the PSAT.While a 1200 PSAT score suggests you might score around 1200 on the SAT, a perfect PSAT score doesn't necessarily guarantee a perfect SAT score.This is why the PSAT scale is shifted down from 1600 to 1520 to account for the differences in difficulty. Pros The PSAT was written by the same company as the SAT. It was designed to match the SAT format. It was created for the purposing of estimating your SAT score. It's administered in similar conditions asthe SAT. Cons It’s slightly easier than the SAT, so it will not be as challenging. It may not be able to accurately predict scores for top performers in the 1500-1600 range. ACT Score If you took the ACT, you use thatscore to predict your SAT score.There are simple conversion tables that will take your 1-36 composite score and convert it into a 400-1600 SAT score.However, this is a less reliable method than using a PSAT score. While the ACT is astandardized test similar to the SAT and PSAT, the ACTwas created by ACT, Inc., not the College Board.There is overlapping content between the SAT and ACT, but the content is not exactly the same.For example, the ACThas a science section while the SAT doesn’t.Also, the SAT has a no-calculator math section while the ACT doesn’t. If you use your ACT score to estimate your SAT score, the prediction may be off by up to 100 points.For example, I got a 34 on my ACT, which would predict an SAT score between 1490-1530, but, in actuality, I got a score of 1420; 70 points less than the lowest estimated score.Some students simply perform better on the ACT than the SAT. Pros The ACT is astandardized test that is designed to estimate college preparedness like the SAT. Itcovers similar Math, Reading, and Writing content as the SAT. It's administered in similar conditions as the SAT. Cons The ACT was not written by the College Board. Itdoesn’t cover the same material as the SAT. Predictions may not be exact (could be off by up to 100 points). It's difficult to accurately compare the ACT to the SAT. Don't trustother "predictors." What Won’t Be Good SAT Score Predictors? I’d recommend avoiding any method not mentioned above. Here are some of the more commonly used SAT score predictors that I wouldn’t recommend. Non-Official Practice Tests Non-official SAT practice tests, aka those not written by the College Board, will not give you a realistic estimate of your SAT score.This includes full-length non-official SAT practice tests as well as any shorter SAT score predictor quizzes.These tests are too different from the SAT to give you a good prediction; theydon’t accurately mimic the SAT test format and typically don’t cover the same content as the SAT. You could end up with a score hundreds of points off from how you'd score on the actual SAT. GPA Some students try to look at their GPA and guess their SAT score. It’s tempting to say that because you have straight A’s, you'll obviously get a 1600 on the SAT. On the other hand, if you have a low GPA, you might feel doomed to a low SAT score. However, GPA doesn’t always correlate with SAT score.Some students with low GPAs end up with great SAT scores while others with high GPAs end up with low scores. Don't try to estimate your SAT score using GPA. AP/IB Tests AP and IB exams test very specific content such as Biology, Economics, Calculus, and History.Most of this content is not covered on the SAT. Therefore, excelling on your AP or IB exam will not necessarily correlate with SAT success. No matter your prediction, don't be a grumpy kitten! How Should You Use Your Score Prediction? If you have an SAT score prediction, how do you feel about it?If you’re unhappy, you should create an SAT prep scheduleto help you reach your score.Below is a rough estimate of how many hours you need to devote to studying to achieve certain score improvements. 0-50 SAT composite point improvement: 10 hours 50-100 point improvement: 20 hours 100-200 point improvement: 40 hours 200-300 point improvement: 80 hours 300-500 point improvement: 150 hours+ Check out our ultimate SAT study guide to help you get started with your SAT preparation. If you’re very happy with your predicted SAT score, you should still do some SAT prep,but not as much.I’d recommend studying for at least 10 hours.Take two practice tests with in-depth reviewto get comfortable with the test format and to make sure your practice test scores align with your target score. Whether you have a score estimate or not, remember that no predictor is 100% accurate, not even taking an official SAT practice test.You should plan to take the real SAT more than once, so if you don’t reach your target score the first try, you have another shot. What’s Next? Now that you've found your estimated SAT score, how does it compare to your target score? Not sure where you’d like to go to college? Read our guide to finding your target school. Need help with your college application? Learn how to write about extracurriculars on your college application; get advice on the Common App essays. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

The arguments that Socrates provides of the immortality of the soul in Essay

The arguments that Socrates provides of the immortality of the soul in the book Phaedo by Plato - Essay Example Introduction: An expository claim of immortality of the soul upon death 3. Arguments in support of the claim; A. The opposite argument B. The â€Å"theoretic argument of recollection† C. The â€Å"affinity argument† D. The argument is that relating to â€Å"form of life.† 4. Conclusion. Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide readers with a critical thinking about Socrates’ presupposition of the â€Å"morality of the soul.† The paper is premised on the claim that human soul is separated from the body by death and this separation is affected by a philosopher’s practice of death. In discussing the relevancy of this paper four arguments shall be considered as stated by Plato’s phaedo. These include the opposite argument that the soul is divinely eternal as opposed to death, the â€Å"theoretical argument of recollection†, the affinity belief and the argument relating to â€Å"form of life. This paper reveals Plato’ s absurd revelation of the end of a Socrates life but then the Socrates was encouraged with the assurance of life after death. This therefore forms the thesis claim of this paper wherein the author underscores the morality of the soul by looking at the effect of death on the mortal being and the assurance of life by the immortality person. ... A person’s body is made up of three segments; that is, the body, soul and spirit. This composition is the mortal being. The body is physical composition which perishes by the catastrophic appearance of death. The spirit can never die and the assurance is that the soul that lives within the spirit shall continue to dwell in the spirit after death hence the immortality. Therefore, the Socrates were outraged by the death that takes away philosophers thus engineering them to explore more about the immortal being and its benefits. When a child is born, he thinks as a child and as that child progresses in life, he or she learns to be an adult. This does not matter whether the child would be a thinker or not but every person has a thought thinking attitude on his or her mind. It differs depending on your intellect and genetics (Weiss63). One school of thought argues that good thinking people should never perish but an opposing school of thought believe that there is no good person an d therefore, whatever happens is absurdity. If this was the yardstick in measuring that lives and who doesn’t, then some class of people would not be considered useful. However, before God, every human creature is useful and important. It is your character and evasion which will determine your ultimate home; that is, hell or heaven. Whom man would consider useless, God considers him important (Weiss60). . This is a clear revelation why death does not distinguish. Good, bad, murderers, hypocrites and people of various sins face death. Death is a unifying factor to all by the justifiable end of life. This is what worried the Socrates until the revelation of the claim about life after death. The author takes a philosophical journey in analyzing this claim upon which the following arguments

Poverty Issue In Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Poverty Issue In Canada - Essay Example However, the issue of poverty in Canada is very much alive and as the paper analyzes, there are several dimensions to the incidence of poverty in Canada. To quote the preeminent expert on Canadian poverty, Christopher Sarlo, â€Å"Poverty is not a MAJOR problem in Canada. This is not to say that there is no poverty, but, to underscore the fact that the issue is multi-dimensional, meaning that there is no one reason for poverty in Canada nor there is widespread poverty like in the developing world† (Sarlo, 1996). The point here is that like in other countries in the developed world, poverty in Canada affects some sections more than the others and hence it remains â€Å"hidden† from public view. Historically, the issue of Poverty in Canada was very much like that of the countries under British occupation and there were landed gentry and huge numbers of people who were struggling to make ends meet. The country was divided into concentrations of people who were living in conditions that could be described as appalling whereas there were huge swathes of land owned by a few who could be described as living pleasantly and were well-off. The history of poverty in Canada goes back to the 18th century where the British-North American lands were experiencing the industrial revolution that saw a high proportion of people being lifted out of poverty whereas the others continued to suffer under deprived conditions. In the 20th century, the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930’s witnessed the hitherto well-off slipping into lower income categories because of the losses suffered by them on account of the economic crisis. In the same way that the current economic crisis has pushed many middle class families into lower income brackets, the Great Depression affected Canada by reducing the middle class to a state of penury. After that the history of poverty has matched the cyclical processes of growth and